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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the computer manufacturer, see <a href="Grid_Systems_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Grid Systems Corporation">Grid Systems Corporation</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Cluster_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster computing">Cluster computing</a>.</div>

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<p><b>Grid computing</b> is the use of widely distributed <a href="Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> <a href="System_resource" title="System resource">resources</a> to reach a common goal. A computing grid can be thought of as a <a href="Distributed_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed system">distributed system</a> with non-interactive workloads that involve many files. Grid computing is distinguished from conventional high-performance computing systems such as <a href="Cluster_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster (computing)">cluster</a> computing in that grid computers have each node set to perform a different task/application. Grid computers also tend to be more <a href="Heterogeneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterogeneous">heterogeneous</a> and geographically dispersed (thus not physically coupled) than cluster computers.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although a single grid can be dedicated to a particular application, commonly a grid is used for a variety of purposes. Grids are often constructed with general-purpose grid <a href="Middleware" title="Middleware">middleware</a> software libraries. Grid sizes can be quite large.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Grids are a form of <a href="Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed computing</a> composed of many networked <a href="Loose_coupling" title="Loose coupling">loosely coupled</a> computers acting together to perform large tasks. For certain applications, distributed or grid computing can be seen as a special type of <a href="Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallel computing</a> that relies on complete computers (with onboard CPUs, storage, power supplies, network interfaces, etc.) connected to a <a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer network</a> (private or public) by a conventional <a href="Network_interface_controller" title="Network interface controller">network interface</a>, such as <a href="Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>. This is in contrast to the traditional notion of a <a href="Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputer</a>, which has many processors connected by a local high-speed <a href="Computer_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer bus">computer bus</a>. This technology has been applied to computationally intensive scientific, mathematical, and academic problems through <a href="Volunteer_computing" title="Volunteer computing">volunteer computing</a>, and it is used in commercial enterprises for such diverse applications as <a href="Drug_discovery" title="Drug discovery">drug discovery</a>, <a href="Economic_forecasting" title="Economic forecasting">economic forecasting</a>, <a href="Seismic_analysis" title="Seismic analysis">seismic analysis</a>, and <a href="Back_office" title="Back office">back office</a> data processing in support for <a href="E-commerce" title="E-commerce">e-commerce</a> and <a href="Web_service" title="Web service">Web services</a>.

</p><p>Grid computing combines computers from multiple administrative domains to reach a common goal,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to solve a single task, and may then disappear just as quickly. The size of a grid may vary from small—confined to a network of computer workstations within a corporation, for example—to large, public collaborations across many companies and networks. "The notion of a confined grid may also be known as an intra-nodes cooperation whereas the notion of a larger, wider grid may thus refer to an inter-nodes cooperation".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Coordinating applications on Grids can be a complex task, especially when coordinating the flow of information across distributed computing resources. <a href="Scientific_workflow_system" title="Scientific workflow system">Grid workflow</a> systems have been developed as a specialized form of a <a href="Workflow_management_system" title="Workflow management system">workflow management system</a> designed specifically to compose and execute a series of computational or data manipulation steps, or a workflow, in the grid context.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_of_grids_and_conventional_supercomputers">Comparison of grids and conventional supercomputers</h2></div>

<p>“Distributed” or “grid” computing in general is a special type of <a href="Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallel computing</a> that relies on complete computers (with onboard CPUs, storage, power supplies, network interfaces, etc.) connected to a <a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">network</a> (private, public or the <a href="Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>) by a conventional <a href="Network_interface_controller" title="Network interface controller">network interface</a> producing commodity hardware, compared to the lower efficiency of designing and constructing a small number of custom supercomputers. The primary performance disadvantage is that the various processors and local storage areas do not have high-speed connections. This arrangement is thus well-suited to applications in which multiple parallel computations can take place independently, without the need to communicate intermediate results between processors.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high-end <a href="Scalability" title="Scalability">scalability</a> of geographically dispersed grids is generally favorable, due to the low need for connectivity between <a href="Node_(computer_science)" title="Node (computer science)">nodes</a> relative to the capacity of the public Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>There are also some differences between programming for a supercomputer and programming for a grid computing system. It can be costly and difficult to write programs that can run in the environment of a supercomputer, which may have a custom operating system, or require the program to address <a href="Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">concurrency</a> issues. If a problem can be adequately parallelized, a “thin” layer of “grid” infrastructure can allow conventional, standalone programs, given a different part of the same problem, to run on multiple machines. This makes it possible to write and debug on a single conventional machine and eliminates complications due to multiple instances of the same program running in the same shared <a href="Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">memory</a> and storage space at the same time.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_considerations_and_variations">Design considerations and variations</h2></div>

<p>One feature of distributed grids is that they can be formed from computing resources belonging to one or multiple individuals or organizations (known as multiple <a href="Administrative_domain" title="Administrative domain">administrative domains</a>). This can facilitate commercial transactions, as in <a href="Utility_computing" title="Utility computing">utility computing</a>, or make it easier to assemble <a href="Volunteer_computing" title="Volunteer computing">volunteer computing</a> networks.

</p><p>One disadvantage of this feature is that the computers which are actually performing the calculations might not be entirely trustworthy. The designers of the system must thus introduce measures to prevent malfunctions or malicious participants from producing false, misleading, or erroneous results, and from using the system as an attack vector. This often involves assigning work randomly to different nodes (presumably with different owners) and checking that at least two different nodes report the same answer for a given work unit. Discrepancies would identify malfunctioning and malicious nodes. However, due to the lack of central control over the hardware, there is no way to guarantee that <a href="Node_(computer_science)" title="Node (computer science)">nodes</a> will not drop out of the network at random times. Some nodes (like laptops or <a href="Dial-up" class="mw-redirect" title="Dial-up">dial-up</a> Internet customers) may also be available for computation but not network communications for unpredictable periods. These variations can be accommodated by assigning large work units (thus reducing the need for continuous network connectivity) and reassigning work units when a given node fails to report its results in the expected time.

</p><p>Another set of what could be termed social compatibility issues in the early days of grid computing related to the goals of grid developers to carry their innovation beyond the original field of high-performance computing and across disciplinary boundaries into new fields, like that of high-energy physics.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The impacts of trust and availability on performance and development difficulty can influence the choice of whether to deploy onto a dedicated cluster, to idle machines internal to the developing organization, or to an open external network of volunteers or contractors. In many cases, the participating nodes must trust the central system not to abuse the access that is being granted, by interfering with the operation of other programs, mangling stored information, transmitting private data, or creating new security holes. Other systems employ measures to reduce the amount of trust “client” nodes must place in the central system such as placing applications in virtual machines.

</p><p>Public systems or those crossing administrative domains (including different departments in the same organization) often result in the need to run on <a href="Heterogeneous_computing" title="Heterogeneous computing">heterogeneous</a> systems, using different <a href="Operating_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating systems">operating systems</a> and <a href="Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">hardware architectures</a>. With many languages, there is a trade-off between investment in software development and the number of platforms that can be supported (and thus the size of the resulting network). <a href="Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">Cross-platform</a> languages can reduce the need to make this tradeoff, though potentially at the expense of high performance on any given <a href="Node_(computer_science)" title="Node (computer science)">node</a> (due to run-time interpretation or lack of optimization for the particular platform). Various <a href="Middleware" title="Middleware">middleware</a> projects have created generic infrastructure to allow diverse scientific and commercial projects to harness a particular associated grid or for the purpose of setting up new grids. <a href="BOINC" class="mw-redirect" title="BOINC">BOINC</a> is a common one for various academic projects seeking public volunteers; more are listed at the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#See_also">end of the article</a>.

</p><p>In fact, the middleware can be seen as a layer between the hardware and the software. On top of the middleware, a number of technical areas have to be considered, and these may or may not be middleware independent. Example areas include <a href="Service_level_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Service level agreement">SLA</a> management, Trust, and Security, <a href="Virtual_organization_(grid_computing)" title="Virtual organization (grid computing)">Virtual organization</a> management, License Management, Portals and Data Management. These technical areas may be taken care of in a commercial solution, though the cutting edge of each area is often found within specific research projects examining the field.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Market_segmentation_of_the_grid_computing_market">Market segmentation of the grid computing market</h2></div>

<p>For the segmentation of the grid computing market, two perspectives need to be considered: the provider side and the user side:

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_provider_side">The provider side</h3></div>

<p>The overall grid market comprises several specific markets. These are the grid middleware market, the market for grid-enabled applications, the <a href="Utility_computing" title="Utility computing">utility computing</a> market, and the software-as-a-service (SaaS) market.

</p><p>Grid <a href="Middleware" title="Middleware">middleware</a> is a specific software product, which enables the sharing of heterogeneous resources, and Virtual Organizations. It is installed and integrated into the existing infrastructure of the involved company or companies and provides a special layer placed among the heterogeneous infrastructure and the specific user applications. Major grid middlewares are Globus Toolkit, <a href="GLite" title="GLite">gLite</a>, and <a href="UNICORE" title="UNICORE">UNICORE</a>.

</p><p>Utility computing is referred to as the provision of grid computing and applications as service either as an open grid utility or as a hosting solution for one organization or a <a href="Virtual_Organization_(Grid_computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual Organization (Grid computing)">VO</a>. Major players in the utility computing market are <a href="Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>, <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, and <a href="Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">HP</a>.

</p><p>Grid-enabled applications are specific software applications that can utilize grid infrastructure. This is made possible by the use of grid middleware, as pointed out above.

</p><p><a href="Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">Software as a service</a> (SaaS) is “software that is owned, delivered and managed remotely by one or more providers.” (<a href="Gartner" title="Gartner">Gartner</a> 2007) Additionally, SaaS applications are based on a single set of common code and data definitions. They are consumed in a one-to-many model, and SaaS uses a Pay As You Go (PAYG) model or a subscription model that is based on usage. Providers of SaaS do not necessarily own the computing resources themselves, which are required to run their SaaS. Therefore, SaaS providers may draw upon the utility computing market. The utility computing market provides computing resources for SaaS providers.

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<p>For companies on the demand or user side of the grid computing market, the different segments have significant implications for their IT deployment strategy. The IT deployment strategy as well as the type of IT investments made are relevant aspects for potential grid users and play an important role for grid adoption.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="CPU_scavenging">CPU scavenging</h2></div>

<p><b>CPU-scavenging</b>, <b>cycle-scavenging</b>, or <b>shared computing</b> creates a “grid” from the idle resources in a network of participants (whether worldwide or internal to an organization). Typically, this technique exploits the 'spare' <a href="Instruction_cycle" title="Instruction cycle">instruction cycles</a> resulting from the intermittent inactivity that typically occurs at night, during lunch breaks, or even during the (comparatively minuscule, though numerous) moments of idle waiting that modern desktop CPU's experience throughout the day (<a href="IO_bound" class="mw-redirect" title="IO bound">when the computer is waiting on IO from the user, network, or storage</a>). In practice, participating computers also donate some supporting amount of disk storage space, RAM, and network bandwidth, in addition to raw CPU power.

</p><p>Many <a href="Volunteer_computing" title="Volunteer computing">volunteer computing</a> projects, such as <a href="BOINC" class="mw-redirect" title="BOINC">BOINC</a>, use the CPU scavenging model. Since <a href="Node_(computer_science)" title="Node (computer science)">nodes</a> are likely to go "offline" from time to time, as their owners use their resources for their primary purpose, this model must be designed to handle such contingencies.

</p><p>Creating an <b>Opportunistic Environment</b> is another implementation of CPU-scavenging where special workload management system harvests the idle desktop computers for compute-intensive jobs, it also refers as Enterprise Desktop Grid (EDG). For instance, <a href="HTCondor" title="HTCondor">HTCondor</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the open-source high-throughput computing software framework for coarse-grained distributed rationalization of computationally intensive tasks) can be configured to only use desktop machines where the keyboard and mouse are idle to effectively harness wasted CPU power from otherwise idle desktop workstations. Like other full-featured batch systems, HTCondor provides a job queueing mechanism, scheduling policy, priority scheme, resource monitoring, and resource management. It can be used to manage workload on a dedicated cluster of computers as well or it can seamlessly integrate both dedicated resources (rack-mounted clusters) and non-dedicated desktop machines (cycle scavenging) into one computing environment.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The term <i>grid computing</i> originated in the early 1990s as a <a href="Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> for making computer power as easy to access as an electric <a href="Power_grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Power grid">power grid</a>. The power grid metaphor for accessible computing quickly became canonical when <a href="Ian_Foster_(computer_scientist)" title="Ian Foster (computer scientist)">Ian Foster</a> and <a href="Carl_Kesselman" title="Carl Kesselman">Carl Kesselman</a> published their seminal work, "The Grid: Blueprint for a new computing infrastructure" (1999). This was preceded by decades by the metaphor of <a href="Utility_computing" title="Utility computing">utility computing</a> (1961): computing as a public utility, analogous to the phone system.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>CPU scavenging and <a href="Volunteer_computing" title="Volunteer computing">volunteer computing</a> were popularized beginning in 1997 by <a href="Distributed.net" title="Distributed.net">distributed.net</a> and later in 1999 by <a href="SETI%40home" title="SETI@home">SETI@home</a> to harness the power of networked PCs worldwide, in order to solve CPU-intensive research problems.<sup id="cite_ref-anderson1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-durrani1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-durrani1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The ideas of the grid (including those from distributed computing, object-oriented programming, and Web services) were brought together by <a href="Ian_Foster_(computer_scientist)" title="Ian Foster (computer scientist)">Ian Foster</a> and Steve Tuecke of the <a href="University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, and <a href="Carl_Kesselman" title="Carl Kesselman">Carl Kesselman</a> of the <a href="University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a>'s <a href="Information_Sciences_Institute" title="Information Sciences Institute">Information Sciences Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trio, who led the effort to create the Globus Toolkit, is widely regarded as the "fathers of the grid".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The toolkit incorporates not just computation management but also <a href="Storage_Resource_Management_(SRM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Storage Resource Management (SRM)">storage management</a>, security provisioning, data movement, monitoring, and a toolkit for developing additional services based on the same infrastructure, including agreement negotiation, notification mechanisms, trigger services, and information aggregation.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Globus Toolkit remains the de facto standard for building grid solutions, a number of other tools have been built that answer some subset of services needed to create an enterprise or global grid.

</p><p>In 2007 the term <a href="Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a> came into popularity, which is conceptually similar to the canonical Foster definition of grid computing (in terms of computing resources being consumed as electricity is from the <a href="Power_grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Power grid">power grid</a>) and earlier utility computing.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Progress">Progress</h3></div>

<p>In November 2006, <a href="Edward_Seidel" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Seidel">Edward Seidel</a> received the <a href="Sidney_Fernbach_Award" title="Sidney Fernbach Award">Sidney Fernbach Award</a> at the Supercomputing Conference in <a href="Tampa%2C_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa, Florida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "For outstanding contributions to the development of software for HPC and Grid computing to enable the collaborative numerical investigation of complex problems in physics; in particular, modeling black hole collisions."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This award, which is one of the highest honors in computing, was awarded for his achievements in numerical relativity.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fastest_virtual_supercomputers">Fastest virtual supercomputers</h2></div>

<ul><li>As of March 2020, <a href="Folding%40home" title="Folding@home">Folding@home</a> – 1.1 exaFLOPS.<sup id="cite_ref-FAH_osstats2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAH_osstats2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>As of April 7, 2020, <a href="BOINC" class="mw-redirect" title="BOINC">BOINC</a> – 29.8 PFLOPS.<sup id="cite_ref-BoincStats_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoincStats-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>As of November 2019, IceCube via OSG – 350 fp32 PFLOPS.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>As of February 2018, <a href="Einstein%40Home" title="Einstein@Home">Einstein@Home</a> – 3.489 PFLOPS.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>As of April 7, 2020, <a href="SETI%40Home" class="mw-redirect" title="SETI@Home">SETI@Home</a> – 1.11 PFLOPS.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>As of April 7, 2020, <a href="MilkyWay%40Home" class="mw-redirect" title="MilkyWay@Home">MilkyWay@Home</a> – 1.465 PFLOPS.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>As of March 2019, <a href="Great_Internet_Mersenne_Prime_Search" title="Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search">GIMPS</a> – 0.558 PFLOPS.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>Also, as of March 2019, the <a href="Bitcoin_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitcoin network">Bitcoin Network</a> had a measured computing power equivalent to over 80,000 <a href="FLOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="FLOPS">exaFLOPS</a> (Floating-point Operations Per Second).<sup id="cite_ref-Bitcoin_Network_Statistics_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bitcoin_Network_Statistics-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This measurement reflects the number of FLOPS required to equal the hash output of the Bitcoin network rather than its capacity for general floating-point arithmetic operations, since the elements of the Bitcoin network (Bitcoin mining <a href="ASIC" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIC">ASICs</a>) perform only the specific cryptographic hash computation required by the <a href="Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a> protocol.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Projects_and_applications">Projects and applications</h2></div>

<p>Grid computing offers a way to solve <a href="Grand_Challenge_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Challenge problem">Grand Challenge problems</a> such as <a href="Protein_folding" title="Protein folding">protein folding</a>, financial <a href="Model_(abstract)" class="mw-redirect" title="Model (abstract)">modeling</a>, <a href="Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a> simulation, and <a href="Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>/<a href="Weather" title="Weather">weather</a> modeling, and was integral in enabling the Large Hadron Collider at CERN.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grids offer a way of using information technology resources optimally inside an organization. They also provide a means for offering information technology as a <a href="Utility_computing" title="Utility computing">utility</a> for commercial and noncommercial clients, with those clients paying only for what they use, as with electricity or water.

</p><p>As of October 2016, over 4 million machines running the open-source <a href="Berkeley_Open_Infrastructure_for_Network_Computing" title="Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing">Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing</a> (BOINC) platform are members of the <a href="World_Community_Grid" title="World Community Grid">World Community Grid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BoincStats_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoincStats-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the projects using BOINC is <a href="SETI%40home" title="SETI@home">SETI@home</a>, which was using more than 400,000 computers to achieve 0.828 <a href="FLOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="FLOPS">TFLOPS</a> as of October 2016. As of October 2016 <a href="Folding%40home" title="Folding@home">Folding@home</a>, which is not part of BOINC, achieved more than 101 x86-equivalent petaflops on over 110,000 machines.<sup id="cite_ref-FAH_osstats2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAH_osstats2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> funded projects through the <a href="Framework_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Framework programme">framework programmes</a> of the <a href="European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>. BEinGRID (Business Experiments in Grid) was a research project funded by the European Commission<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as an <a href="Integrated_Project_(EU)" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Project (EU)">Integrated Project</a> under the <a href="Sixth_Framework_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Framework Programme">Sixth Framework Programme</a> (FP6) sponsorship program. Started on June 1, 2006, the project ran 42 months, until November 2009. The project was coordinated by <a href="Atos_Origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Atos Origin">Atos Origin</a>. According to the project fact sheet, their mission is “to establish effective routes to foster the adoption of grid computing across the EU and to stimulate research into innovative business models using Grid technologies”. To extract best practice and common themes from the experimental implementations, two groups of consultants are analyzing a series of pilots, one technical, one business. The project is significant not only for its long duration but also for its budget, which at 24.8 million Euros, is the largest of any FP6 integrated project. Of this, 15.7 million is provided by the European Commission and the remainder by its 98 contributing partner companies. Since the end of the project, the results of BEinGRID have been taken up and carried forward by IT-Tude.com.

</p><p>The Enabling Grids for E-sciencE project, based in the <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and included sites in Asia and the United States, was a follow-up project to the European DataGrid (EDG) and evolved into the <a href="European_Grid_Infrastructure" title="European Grid Infrastructure">European Grid Infrastructure</a>. This, along with the <a href="Worldwide_LHC_Computing_Grid" title="Worldwide LHC Computing Grid">Worldwide LHC Computing Grid</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (WLCG), was developed to support experiments using the <a href="CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> <a href="Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">Large Hadron Collider</a>. A list of active sites participating within WLCG can be found online<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as can real time monitoring of the EGEE infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relevant software and documentation is also publicly accessible.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is speculation that dedicated fiber optic links, such as those installed by CERN to address the WLCG's data-intensive needs, may one day be available to home users thereby providing internet services at speeds up to 10,000 times faster than a traditional broadband connection.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="European_Grid_Infrastructure" title="European Grid Infrastructure">European Grid Infrastructure</a> has been also used for other research activities and experiments such as the simulation of oncological clinical trials.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Distributed.net" title="Distributed.net">distributed.net</a> project was started in 1997.

The <a href="NASA_Advanced_Supercomputing_facility" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA Advanced Supercomputing facility">NASA Advanced Supercomputing facility</a> (NAS) ran <a href="Genetic_algorithm" title="Genetic algorithm">genetic algorithms</a> using the <a href="Condor_cycle_scavenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Condor cycle scavenger">Condor cycle scavenger</a> running on about 350 <a href="Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> and <a href="Silicon_Graphics" title="Silicon Graphics">SGI</a> workstations.

</p><p>In 2001, <a href="United_Devices" title="United Devices">United Devices</a> operated the <a href="United_Devices_Cancer_Research_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="United Devices Cancer Research Project">United Devices Cancer Research Project</a> based on its <a href="Grid_MP" title="Grid MP">Grid MP</a> product, which cycle-scavenges on volunteer PCs connected to the Internet. The project ran on about 3.1 million machines before its close in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definitions">Definitions</h3></div>

<p>Today there are many definitions of <i>grid computing</i>:

</p>

<ul><li>In his article “What is the Grid? A Three Point Checklist”,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Ian_Foster_(computer_scientist)" title="Ian Foster (computer scientist)">Ian Foster</a> lists these primary attributes:

<ul><li><a href="Computing_resource" class="mw-redirect" title="Computing resource">Computing resources</a> are not administered centrally.</li>

<li><a href="Open_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Open standards">Open standards</a> are used.</li>

<li>Nontrivial <a href="Quality_of_service" title="Quality of service">quality of service</a> is achieved.</li></ul></li>

<li>Plaszczak/Wellner<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> define grid technology as "the technology that enables resource virtualization, on-demand provisioning, and service (resource) sharing between organizations."</li>

<li>IBM defines grid computing as “the ability, using a set of open standards and protocols, to gain access to applications and data, processing power, storage capacity and a vast array of other computing resources over the Internet. A grid is a type of parallel and distributed system that enables the sharing, selection, and aggregation of resources distributed across ‘multiple’ administrative domains based on their (resources) availability, capacity, performance, cost and users' quality-of-service requirements”.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>An earlier example of the notion of computing as a utility was in 1965 by MIT's Fernando Corbató. Corbató and the other designers of the Multics operating system envisioned a computer facility operating “like a power company or water company”.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Buyya/Venugopal<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> define grid as "a type of parallel and distributed system that enables the sharing, selection, and aggregation of geographically distributed <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/autonomy" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:autonomy">autonomous</a> resources dynamically at runtime depending on their availability, capability, performance, cost, and users' quality-of-service requirements".</li></ul>

<p><a href="List_of_grid_computing_projects" title="List of grid computing projects">List of grid computing projects</a>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_concepts">Related concepts</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="High-throughput_computing" title="High-throughput computing">High-throughput computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">Cloud computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Code_mobility" title="Code mobility">Code mobility</a></li>

<li><a href="Jungle_computing" title="Jungle computing">Jungle computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Sensor_grid" title="Sensor grid">Sensor grid</a></li>

<li><a href="Utility_computing" title="Utility computing">Utility computing</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alliances_and_organizations">Alliances and organizations</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Open_Grid_Forum" title="Open Grid Forum">Open Grid Forum</a> (Formerly <a href="Global_Grid_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Grid Forum">Global Grid Forum</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Object_Management_Group" title="Object Management Group">Object Management Group</a></li>

<li><a href="SHIWA_project" title="SHIWA project">SHIWA project</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_grids">Production grids</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="European_Grid_Infrastructure" title="European Grid Infrastructure">European Grid Infrastructure</a></li>

<li><a href="Enabling_Grids_for_E-sciencE" class="mw-redirect" title="Enabling Grids for E-sciencE">Enabling Grids for E-sciencE</a></li>

<li><a href="INFN_Production_Grid" class="mw-redirect" title="INFN Production Grid">INFN Production Grid</a></li>

<li><a href="NorduGrid" title="NorduGrid">NorduGrid</a></li>

<li><a href="OurGrid" title="OurGrid">OurGrid</a></li>

<li><a href="Techila_Grid" title="Techila Grid">Techila</a></li>

<li><a href="Xgrid" title="Xgrid">Xgrid</a></li>

<li><a href="Univa_Grid_Engine" title="Univa Grid Engine">Univa Grid Engine</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_projects">International projects</h3></div>

<th>Name

</th>

<th>Region

</th>

<th>Start

</th>

<th>End

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="European_Grid_Infrastructure" title="European Grid Infrastructure">European Grid Infrastructure</a> (EGI)

</td>

<td>Europe

</td>

<td>May 2010

</td>

<td>Dec 2014

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="OMII-Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="OMII-Europe">Open Middleware Infrastructure Institute Europe</a> (OMII-Europe)

</td>

<td>Europe

</td>

<td>May 2006

</td>

<td>May 2008

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="European_Grid_Infrastructure" title="European Grid Infrastructure">Enabling Grids for E-sciencE</a> (EGEE, EGEE II and EGEE III)

</td>

<td>Europe

</td>

<td>March 2004

</td>

<td>April 2010

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="GridCC" class="mw-redirect" title="GridCC">Grid enabled Remote Instrumentation with Distributed Control and Computation</a> (GridCC)

</td>

<td>Europe

</td>

<td>September 2005

</td>

<td>September 2008

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="European_Middleware_Initiative" title="European Middleware Initiative">European Middleware Initiative</a> (EMI)

</td>

<td>Europe

</td>

<td>May 2010

</td>

<td>active

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="KnowARC" class="mw-redirect" title="KnowARC">KnowARC</a>

</td>

<td>Europe

</td>

<td>June 2006

</td>

<td>November 2009

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Nordic_Data_Grid_Facility" title="Nordic Data Grid Facility">Nordic Data Grid Facility</a>

</td>

<td>Scandinavia and Finland

</td>

<td>June 2006

</td>

<td>December 2012

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="World_Community_Grid" title="World Community Grid">World Community Grid</a>

</td>

<td>Global

</td>

<td>November 2004

</td>

<td>active

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="XtreemOS" class="mw-redirect" title="XtreemOS">XtreemOS</a>

</td>

<td>Europe

</td>

<td>June 2006

</td>

<td>(May 2010) ext. to September 2010

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="OurGrid" title="OurGrid">OurGrid</a>

</td>

<td>Brazil

</td>

<td>December 2004

</td>

<td>active

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_projects">National projects</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="GridPP" title="GridPP">GridPP</a> (UK)</li>

<li><a href="CNGrid" title="CNGrid">CNGrid</a> (China)</li>

<li><a href="D-Grid" title="D-Grid">D-Grid</a> (Germany)</li>

<li><a href="GARUDA" title="GARUDA">GARUDA</a> (India)</li>

<li><a href="Variable_Energy_Cyclotron_Centre" title="Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre">VECC</a> (<a href="Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>, India)</li>

<li><a href="IsraGrid" title="IsraGrid">IsraGrid</a> (Israel)</li>

<li><a href="INFN_Grid" class="mw-redirect" title="INFN Grid">INFN Grid</a> (Italy)</li>

<li><a href="PL-Grid" class="mw-redirect" title="PL-Grid">PL-Grid</a> (Poland)</li>

<li><a href="National_Grid_Service" title="National Grid Service">National Grid Service</a> (UK)</li>

<li><a href="Open_Science_Grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Science Grid">Open Science Grid</a> (USA)</li>

<li><a href="TeraGrid" title="TeraGrid">TeraGrid</a> (USA)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standards_and_APIs">Standards and APIs</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="DRMAA" title="DRMAA">Distributed Resource Management Application API (DRMAA)</a></li>

<li><a href="Grid_Laboratory_Uniform_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Grid Laboratory Uniform Environment">A technology-agnostic information model for a uniform representation of Grid resources (GLUE)</a></li>

<li><a href="GridRPC" title="GridRPC">Grid Remote Procedure Call (GridRPC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Grid_Security_Infrastructure" title="Grid Security Infrastructure">Grid Security Infrastructure (GSI)</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Grid_Services_Architecture" title="Open Grid Services Architecture">Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA)</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture" title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture">Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA)</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Grid_Services_Infrastructure" title="Open Grid Services Infrastructure">Open Grid Services Infrastructure (OGSI)</a></li>

<li><a href="SAGA_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGA (computing)">A Simple API for Grid Applications (SAGA)</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_Services_Resource_Framework" title="Web Services Resource Framework">Web Services Resource Framework (WSRF)</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monitoring_frameworks">Monitoring frameworks</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="GStat" title="GStat">GStat</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFElkhatib2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Elkhatib, Yehia (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150623210851/http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/~elkhatib/Docs/2011.09_PhD-Thesis.pdf"><i>Monitoring, Analysing and Predicting Network Performance in Grids</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Ph.D.). Lancaster University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/~elkhatib/Docs/2011.09_PhD-Thesis.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-06-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-28</span></span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFerreira2016" class="citation web cs1">Ferreira, Luis; et al. (2016-09-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/abstracts/sg246650.html">"Grid Computing Products and Services"</a>. IBM.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFerreira2016" class="citation web cs1">Ferreira, Luis; et al. (2016-09-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/abstracts/sg246895.html?Open">"Introduction to Grid Computing with Globus"</a>. IBM.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJacob2016" class="citation web cs1">Jacob, Bart; et al. (2016-09-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/abstracts/sg246936.html?Open">"Enabling Applications for Grid Computing"</a>. IBM.</cite></li>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFJacob2016" class="citation book cs1">Jacob, Bart; et al. (2016-09-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/abstracts/sg246778.html?Open"><i>Introduction to Grid Computing</i></a>. IBM.</cite></li>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFSurridge" class="citation web cs1">Surridge, Mike; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306073948/http://archive.gria.org/docs/experiences%20with%20gria%20paper.pdf">"Experiences with GRIA – Industrial applications on a Web Services Grid"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IEEE. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gria.org/docs/experiences%20with%20gria%20paper.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-03-06.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFStockinger2007" class="citation journal cs1">Stockinger, Heinz; et al. (October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070107034557/http://hst.web.cern.ch/hst/publications/DefiningTheGrid-1.1.pdf">"Defining the Grid: A Snapshot on the Current View"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Supercomputing</i>. <b>42</b>: 3. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11227-006-0037-9">10.1007/s11227-006-0037-9</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16019948">16019948</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hst.web.cern.ch/hst/publications/DefiningTheGrid-1.1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-01-07.</cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070616023016/http://www.gridbus.org/~raj/papers/gmchapter.pdf">Global Grids and Software Toolkits: A Study of Four Grid Middleware Technologies</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090206095702/http://hv3.phys.lsu.edu:8000/cookbook/gtcb/index.php">The Grid Technology Cookbook</a></li>

<li>Francesco Lelli, Eric Frizziero, Michele Gulmini, Gaetano Maron, Salvatore Orlando, Andrea Petrucci and Silvano Squizzato. <i>The many faces of the integration of instruments and the grid</i>. International Journal of Web and Grid Services 2007 – Vol. 3, No.3 pp. 239 – 266 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inderscience.com/search/index.php?action=record&rec_id=14953&prevQuery=&ps=10&m=or">Electronic Edition</a></li>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFPardiFrancesco_Palmieri2010" class="citation journal cs1">Pardi, Silvio; Francesco Palmieri (October 2010). "Towards a federated Metropolitan Area Grid environment: The SCoPE network-aware infrastructure". <i>Future Generation Computer Systems</i>. <b>26</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">1241–</span>1256. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.future.2010.02.003">10.1016/j.future.2010.02.003</a>.</cite></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Parallel_computing346" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_algorithm" title="Parallel algorithm">Parallel algorithm</a></li>

<li><a href="Massively_parallel" title="Massively parallel">Massively parallel</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">Cloud computing</a></li>

<li><a href="High-performance_computing" title="High-performance computing">High-performance computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li>

<li><a href="Manycore_processor" title="Manycore processor">Manycore processor</a></li>

<li>GPGPU software</li>

<li><a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li>

<li><a href="Systolic_array" title="Systolic array">Systolic array</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Levels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Instruction-level_parallelism" title="Instruction-level parallelism">Instruction</a></li>

<li><a href="Task_parallelism" title="Task parallelism">Thread</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory-level_parallelism" title="Memory-level parallelism">Memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Pipeline_(computing)" title="Pipeline (computing)">Pipeline</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Temporal_multithreading" title="Temporal multithreading">Temporal</a></li>

<li><a href="Simultaneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous multithreading">Simultaneous</a> (SMT)</li>

<li><a href="Simultaneous_and_heterogeneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous and heterogeneous multithreading">Simultaneous and heterogenous</a></li>

<li><a href="Speculative_multithreading" title="Speculative multithreading">Speculative</a> (SpMT)</li>

<li><a href="Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">Preemptive</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_multitasking#Cooperative_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">Cooperative</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulldozer_(microarchitecture)#Bulldozer_core" title="Bulldozer (microarchitecture)">Clustered multi-thread</a> (CMT)</li>

<li><a href="Hardware_scout" title="Hardware scout">Hardware scout</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Parallel_RAM" title="Parallel RAM">PRAM model</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_external_memory" title="Parallel external memory">PEM model</a></li>

<li><a href="Analysis_of_parallel_algorithms" title="Analysis of parallel algorithms">Analysis of parallel algorithms</a></li>

<li><a href="Amdahl's_law" title="Amdahl's law">Amdahl's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Gustafson's_law" title="Gustafson's law">Gustafson's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Cost_efficiency" title="Cost efficiency">Cost efficiency</a></li>

<li><a href="Karp%E2%80%93Flatt_metric" title="Karp–Flatt metric">Karp–Flatt metric</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_slowdown" title="Parallel slowdown">Slowdown</a></li>

<li><a href="Speedup" title="Speedup">Speedup</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">Process</a></li>

<li><a href="Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">Thread</a></li>

<li><a href="Fiber_(computer_science)" title="Fiber (computer science)">Fiber</a></li>

<li><a href="Instruction_window" title="Instruction window">Instruction window</a></li>

<li><a href="Array_(data_structure)" title="Array (data structure)">Array</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coordination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_coherence" title="Memory coherence">Memory coherence</a></li>

<li><a href="Cache_coherence" title="Cache coherence">Cache coherence</a></li>

<li><a href="Cache_invalidation" title="Cache invalidation">Cache invalidation</a></li>

<li><a href="Barrier_(computer_science)" title="Barrier (computer science)">Barrier</a></li>

<li><a href="Synchronization_(computer_science)" title="Synchronization (computer science)">Synchronization</a></li>

<li><a href="Application_checkpointing" title="Application checkpointing">Application checkpointing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">Programming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Stream processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Dataflow_programming" title="Dataflow programming">Dataflow programming</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_programming_model" title="Parallel programming model">Models</a>

<ul><li><a href="Implicit_parallelism" title="Implicit parallelism">Implicit parallelism</a></li>

<li><a href="Explicit_parallelism" title="Explicit parallelism">Explicit parallelism</a></li>

<li><a href="Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">Concurrency</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Non-blocking_algorithm" title="Non-blocking algorithm">Non-blocking algorithm</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Flynn's_taxonomy" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Flynn's taxonomy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Single_instruction%2C_multiple_threads" title="Single instruction, multiple threads">Array processing</a> (SIMT)</li>

<li><a href="Flynn's_taxonomy#Pipelined_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Pipelined processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Flynn's_taxonomy#Associative_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Associative processing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dataflow_architecture" title="Dataflow architecture">Dataflow architecture</a></li>

<li>GPGPU hardware</li>

<li><a href="Instruction_pipelining" title="Instruction pipelining">Pipelined processor</a></li>

<li><a href="Superscalar_processor" title="Superscalar processor">Superscalar processor</a></li>

<li><a href="Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector processor</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessor</a>

<ul><li><a href="Symmetric_multiprocessing" title="Symmetric multiprocessing">symmetric</a></li>

<li><a href="Asymmetric_multiprocessing" title="Asymmetric multiprocessing">asymmetric</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Semiconductor_memory" title="Semiconductor memory">Memory</a>

<ul><li><a href="Shared_memory" title="Shared memory">shared</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_memory" title="Distributed memory">distributed</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_shared_memory" title="Distributed shared memory">distributed shared</a></li>

<li><a href="Massively_parallel" title="Massively parallel">Massively parallel</a> computer</li>

<li><a href="Computer_cluster" title="Computer cluster">Computer cluster</a>

<ul><li><a href="Beowulf_cluster" title="Beowulf cluster">Beowulf cluster</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="API" title="API">APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ateji_PX" title="Ateji PX">Ateji PX</a></li>

<li><a href="Boost_(C%2B%2B_libraries)" title="Boost (C++ libraries)">Boost</a></li>

<li><a href="Chapel_(programming_language)" title="Chapel (programming language)">Chapel</a></li>

<li><a href="Charm%2B%2B" title="Charm++">Charm++</a></li>

<li><a href="Coarray_Fortran" title="Coarray Fortran">Coarray Fortran</a></li>

<li><a href="Dryad_(programming)" title="Dryad (programming)">Dryad</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_Arrays" title="Global Arrays">Global Arrays</a></li>

<li><a href="GPUOpen" title="GPUOpen">GPUOpen</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenMP" title="OpenMP">OpenMP</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenCL" title="OpenCL">OpenCL</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenHMPP" title="OpenHMPP">OpenHMPP</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenACC" title="OpenACC">OpenACC</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_Extensions" title="Parallel Extensions">Parallel Extensions</a></li>

<li><a href="Pthreads" title="Pthreads">pthreads</a></li>

<li><a href="RaftLib" title="RaftLib">RaftLib</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Problems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Automatic_parallelization" title="Automatic parallelization">Automatic parallelization</a></li>

<li><a href="Deadlock_(computer_science)" title="Deadlock (computer science)">Deadlock</a></li>

<li><a href="Deterministic_algorithm" title="Deterministic algorithm">Deterministic algorithm</a></li>

<li><a href="Embarrassingly_parallel" title="Embarrassingly parallel">Embarrassingly parallel</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_slowdown" title="Parallel slowdown">Parallel slowdown</a></li>

<li><a href="Race_condition" title="Race condition">Race condition</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_lockout" title="Software lockout">Software lockout</a></li>

<li><a href="Scalability" title="Scalability">Scalability</a></li>

<li><a href="Starvation_(computer_science)" title="Starvation (computer science)">Starvation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category: Parallel computing</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Computer_sizes_and_classes279" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Computer_sizes_and_classes279" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_computer_size_categories" title="List of computer size categories">Computer sizes</a> and <a href="Classes_of_computers" title="Classes of computers">classes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">Micro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Static</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_appliance" title="Computer appliance">Appliances</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arcade_cabinet" title="Arcade cabinet">Arcade cabinet</a></li>

<li><a href="Diskless_node" title="Diskless node">Diskless node</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_appliance" title="Internet appliance">Internet appliance</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligent_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent terminal">Intelligent terminal</a></li>

<li><a href="Interactive_kiosk" title="Interactive kiosk">Interactive kiosk</a></li>

<li><a href="Rich_client" title="Rich client">Rich client</a></li>

<li><a href="Simulator_ride" title="Simulator ride">Simulator</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_speaker" title="Smart speaker">Smart speaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_TV" title="Smart TV">Smart TV</a></li>

<li><a href="Thin_client" title="Thin client">Thin client</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Video game console</a>

<ul><li><a href="Home_video_game_console" title="Home video game console">Home console</a></li>

<li><a href="Microconsole" title="Microconsole">Microconsole</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gaming_computer" title="Gaming computer">Gaming</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_PC" title="Industrial PC">Industrial</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">Personal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Personal_supercomputer" title="Personal supercomputer">Personal super</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Public_computer" title="Public computer">Public</a></li>

<li><a href="Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">Server</a>

<ul><li><a href="Home_server" title="Home server">Home server</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Workstation" title="Workstation">Workstation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Panel_PC" title="Panel PC">Panel</a></li>

<li><a href="Table_computer" title="Table computer">Tabletop</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_computer" title="Surface computer">Surface</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">Desktop</a>

<ul><li><a href="Deskside_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Deskside computer">Deskside</a></li>

<li><a href="Pizza-box_form_factor" title="Pizza-box form factor">Pizza box</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_tower" title="Computer tower">Tower</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Portable_computer" title="Portable computer">Portable</a></li>

<li><a href="Small_form_factor_PC" title="Small form factor PC">Small form factor</a>

<li><a href="Stick_PC" title="Stick PC">Stick PC</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Blade_server" title="Blade server">Blade server</a></li>

<li><a href="Blade_PC" title="Blade PC">Blade PC</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">Mobile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Laptop" title="Laptop">Laptop</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2-in-1_laptop#2-in-1_convertible" title="2-in-1 laptop">Convertible</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cloudbook" title="Cloudbook">Cloudbook</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_workstation" title="Mobile workstation">Mobile workstation</a></li>

<li><a href="Notebook_computer" title="Notebook computer">Notebook</a></li>

<li><a href="Subnotebook" title="Subnotebook">Subnotebook</a>

<ul><li><a href="Netbook" title="Netbook">Netbook</a></li>

<li><a href="Smartbook" title="Smartbook">Smartbook</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">Tablet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2-in-1_laptop#2-in-1_detachable" title="2-in-1 laptop">Detachable</a></li>

<li><a href="Phablet" title="Phablet">Phablet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">Handheld</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Electronic_organizer" title="Electronic organizer">Electronic organizer</a></li>

<li><a href="E-reader" title="E-reader">E-reader</a></li>

<li><a href="Handheld_game_console" title="Handheld game console">Handheld game console</a></li>

<li><a href="Handheld_PC" title="Handheld PC">Handheld PC</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_data_terminal" title="Mobile data terminal">Mobile data terminal</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phone</a>

<ul><li><a href="Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">Camera</a></li>

<li><a href="Feature_phone" title="Feature phone">Feature</a></li>

<li><a href="Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a>

<ul><li><a href="Foldable_smartphone" title="Foldable smartphone">Foldable</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Palmtop_PC" title="Palmtop PC">Palmtop PC</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">Personal digital assistant</a></li>

<li><a href="Pocket_computer" title="Pocket computer">Pocket</a></li>

<li><a href="Portable_data_terminal" title="Portable data terminal">Portable data terminal</a></li>

<li><a href="Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">Portable media player</a></li>

<li><a href="Siftable" title="Siftable">Siftable</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultra-mobile_PC" title="Ultra-mobile PC">Ultra-mobile PC</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Calculator" title="Calculator">Calculator</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Graphing_calculator" title="Graphing calculator">Graphing</a></li>

<li><a href="Programmable_calculator" title="Programmable calculator">Programmable</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_calculator" title="Scientific calculator">Scientific</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Wearable_computer" title="Wearable computer">Wearable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fitness_tracker" title="Fitness tracker">Fitness tracker</a>

<ul><li><a href="Smart_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart band">Smart band</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Watch#Digital" title="Watch">Digital wristwatch</a>

<ul><li><a href="Calculator_watch" title="Calculator watch">Calculator watch</a></li>

<li><a href="Smartwatch" title="Smartwatch">Smartwatch</a></li>

<li><a href="GPS_watch" title="GPS watch">Sportwatch</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Smartglasses" title="Smartglasses">Smartglasses</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_ring" title="Smart ring">Smart ring</a></li></ul>

<li><a href="Superminicomputer" title="Superminicomputer">Supermini</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Large</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">Mainframe</a></li>

<li><a href="Minisupercomputer" title="Minisupercomputer">Minisuper</a></li>

<li><a href="Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">Super</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_appliance" title="Information appliance">Information appliance</a></li>

<li><a href="Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">Microcontroller</a></li>

<li><a href="Rugged_computer" title="Rugged computer">Rugged</a>

<ul><li><a href="Rugged_smartphone" title="Rugged smartphone">Rugged smartphone</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Single-board_computer" title="Single-board computer">Single-board</a>

<ul><li><a href="Computer-on-module" title="Computer-on-module">Computer-on-module</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Smartdust" title="Smartdust">Smartdust</a></li>

<li><a href="Wireless_sensor_network" title="Wireless sensor network">Wireless sensor network</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249999#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1146" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249999#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1146" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/871994">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4743648-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh98004531">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb144978334">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb144978334">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX557541">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007534972305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/074260103">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/8814de75-40f5-44a2-b13f-3cbe70df0dc7">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-28" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Grid_computing&oldid=1292758865">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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